{"id":"GRM-020","name":"Avoid fused participle logic","domain":"grammar","layer":"sentence","strength":"hard_constraint","human_logic":"IF an -ing construction implies a cause, sequence, or actor that the sentence does not support, THEN state the relation in a finite clause ELSE retain.","when":{"all":[{"path":"sentence.ing_clause.exists","operator":"eq","value":true},{"any":[{"path":"sentence.ing_clause.actor_ambiguous","operator":"eq","value":true},{"path":"sentence.ing_clause.time_relation_impossible","operator":"eq","value":true},{"path":"sentence.ing_clause.causal_relation_unsupported","operator":"eq","value":true}]}]},"then":[{"action":"expand","target":"sentence.ing_clause","to":"finite_clause","include":["actor","time_or_logic_connector"]}],"else":[{"action":"retain","target":"current_text","reason":"No triggering condition is present."}],"unless":[],"because":"Compressed participial clauses can hide impossible timing or unsupported causation.","diagnostics":[],"examples":{},"source_ids":["BK-007","BK-008","WEB-004"],"laka":{"smallest_sufficient_intervention":true,"primary_axes":["scope","depth","magnitude","reversibility"]},"requires_facts":["sentence.ing_clause.exists","sentence.ing_clause.actor_ambiguous","sentence.ing_clause.time_relation_impossible","sentence.ing_clause.causal_relation_unsupported"],"tests":[],"sources":[{"id":"BK-007","title":"The Copyeditor's Handbook","creator":"Amy Einsohn; Marilyn Schwartz","domain":"copyediting","type":"Book","note":"Professional copyediting practice, grammar, and editorial process.","url":null},{"id":"BK-008","title":"The Sense of Style","creator":"Steven Pinker","domain":"cognitive_style","type":"Book","note":"Reader-centered clarity informed by linguistics and cognition.","url":null},{"id":"WEB-004","title":"Microsoft Writing Style Guide","creator":"Microsoft","domain":"technical_style","type":"Official style guide","note":"Warm, clear, concise, helpful technical communication.","url":"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/style-guide/welcome/"}],"defined_in":{"file":"07-core-grammar-rules.json","title":"Core Grammar Rules","slug":"core-grammar-rules"}}