The model
Machine-Readable Linguistic Primitives
Universal Dependencies compatible surface analysis
Parts of speech
| Tag | Name | Function |
|---|---|---|
| ADJ | adjective | Modifies or predicates a property. |
| ADP | adposition | Marks a noun phrase relation; includes prepositions and postpositions. |
| ADV | adverb | Modifies a verb, adjective, adverb, clause, or discourse relation. |
| AUX | auxiliary | Adds tense, aspect, mood, voice, or related grammatical information. |
| CCONJ | coordinating_conjunction | Joins units of equal syntactic status. |
| DET | determiner | Marks reference, quantity, definiteness, or possession within a noun phrase. |
| INTJ | interjection | Expresses reaction, greeting, or discourse signal with loose syntactic attachment. |
| NOUN | common_noun | Names a class of entity, substance, event, state, or abstraction. |
| NUM | numeral | Expresses number, quantity, sequence, or measure. |
| PART | particle | Performs a grammatical function not covered by other closed classes. |
| PRON | pronoun | Points to participants or entities without repeating a full noun phrase. |
| PROPN | proper_noun | Names a specific person, place, organization, work, or other entity. |
| PUNCT | punctuation | Delimits, groups, relates, or emphasizes written units. |
| SCONJ | subordinating_conjunction | Marks one clause as dependent on another. |
| SYM | symbol | Represents a non-word sign such as a currency or mathematical symbol. |
| VERB | verb | Predicates an event, process, action, or state. |
| X | other | Covers items whose part of speech cannot be determined or falls outside the inventory. |
Dependency relations
| Relation | Meaning |
|---|---|
| acl | clausal modifier of noun |
| advcl | adverbial clause modifier |
| advmod | adverbial modifier |
| amod | adjectival modifier |
| appos | appositional modifier |
| aux | auxiliary |
| case | case marker |
| cc | coordinating conjunction |
| ccomp | clausal complement |
| clf | classifier |
| compound | compound relation |
| conj | conjunct |
| cop | copula |
| csubj | clausal subject |
| dep | unspecified dependency |
| det | determiner |
| discourse | discourse element |
| dislocated | dislocated element |
| expl | expletive |
| fixed | fixed multiword expression |
| flat | flat multiword expression |
| goeswith | split word relation |
| iobj | indirect object |
| list | list relation |
| mark | subordination marker |
| nmod | nominal modifier |
| nsubj | nominal subject |
| nummod | numeric modifier |
| obj | object |
| obl | oblique nominal |
| orphan | orphan in ellipsis |
| parataxis | loosely joined clause |
| punct | punctuation |
| reparandum | overridden disfluency |
| root | sentence root |
| vocative | direct address |
| xcomp | open clausal complement |
Morphology features
- person
- number
- gender
- case
- tense
- aspect
- mood
- voice
- verb_form
- degree
- definiteness
- polarity
- possessive
- pronoun_type
Clause roles
- predicate
- agent
- experiencer
- patient
- theme
- recipient
- beneficiary
- instrument
- location
- source
- goal
- time
- manner
- cause
- purpose
- condition
- concession
Information structure
- topic
- focus
- given
- new
- contrast
- background
Discourse relations
- addition
- sequence
- cause
- effect
- contrast
- concession
- condition
- example
- elaboration
- restatement
- comparison
- purpose
- summary